Faktor Risiko Reaksi Kusta: Tinjauan Terhadap Reaksi Tipe 1 dan Tipe 2 pada Pasien Kusta

Widya Ayu Astiningtyas, Nesa Wike Wilanti, Nenden Lilis Setiasih

Abstract


Kusta masih menjadi masalah kesehatan global karena dapat menimbulkan reaksi imunologis akut yang menyebabkan kerusakan saraf dan kecacatan permanen. WHO pada 2024 melaporkan 172.717 kasus baru di 188 negara, termasuk Indonesia yang masih menjadi salah satu dari tiga negara dengan kasus tertinggi di dunia. Tinjauan literatur dilakukan melalui PubMed dan Google Scholar dengan kata kunci “kusta”, “leprosy”, “reaksi kusta”, dan istilah terkait lainnya, mencakup publikasi berbahasa Indonesia dan Inggris tahun 2019–2025 yang relevan dengan faktor risiko reaksi tipe 1 dan tipe 2 pada pasien kusta. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa reaksi tipe 2 lebih sering terjadi pada pasien multibasiler dengan indeks bakteri ≥4+, ditandai dengan dominasi imunitas humoral dan pembentukan kompleks imun. Sementara reaksi tipe 1 lebih banyak ditemukan pada spektrum borderline akibat ketidakstabilan imunitas seluler. Faktor risiko internal meliputi bentuk klinis, BI tinggi, usia, jenis kelamin, genetik, kehamilan, serta defisiensi nutrisi, sementara faktor eksternal meliputi stres, infeksi penyerta, terapi MDT, dan stimulasi imun dari vaksinasi. Deteksi dini dan pengawasan faktor risiko sangat penting untuk mencegah reaksi berulang dan kecacatan pada pasien kusta.

Keywords


Kusta; Reversal Reaction; Erythema Nodosum Leprosum

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.51849/j-bikes.v5i2.144

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